Minimum alveolar concentration or MAC is the concentration of a vapour in the alveoli of the lungs that is needed to prevent movement (motor response) in 50% of subjects in response to surgical (pain) stimulus. MAC is used to compare the strengths, or potency, of anaesthetic vapours.[1] The concept of MAC was first introduced in 1965.[2]
MAC actually is a median value, not a minimum as term implies. The original paper proposed MAC as the minimal alveolar concentration,[3] which was shortly thereafter revised to minimum alveolar concentration.[4] Is skyrim legendary edition for mac. A lower MAC value represents a more potent volatile anesthetic.
Other uses of MAC include MAC-BAR (1.7-2.0 MAC), which is the concentration required to block autonomic reflexes to nociceptive stimuli, and MAC-awake (0.3-0.5 MAC), the concentration required to block voluntary reflexes and control perceptive awareness.
Tutorial for Mac screen rulers will guide you to use Ondesoft rulers to measure an angle on Mac screen. Funny name, great functionality. After the measurement is completed, use (Command+A) to record the result in the Logger window. You can write memo to illustrate. Start quickly with the most recent versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, OneNote and OneDrive —combining the familiarity of Office and the unique Mac features you love. Work online or offline, on your own or with others in real time—whatever works for what you’re doing.
![Ic measure for mac Ic measure for mac](/uploads/1/1/7/7/117755495/250302982.jpeg)
Formal definition[edit]
- Measure is industry-leading flooring estimation software that follows the workflow of the estimating process. You create precise estimates in only 5 easy steps.Measure can estimate carpet, tile, laminate and hardwood flooring for projects of all sizes.
- Along with a few tools that you have to buy, you can still measure pixels on the Mac with its stock application. There is a Grab utility, you can capture screen selection, it will create window with an image of selected area (not saved to the disc yet), then you can go to Edit - Inspector and it will show dimensions of selected area (it will also show dimensions as a tooltip during selection.
The MAC is the concentration of the vapour (measured as a percentage at 1 atmosphere, i.e. the partial pressure) that prevents patient movement in response to a supramaximal [5] stimulus (traditionally a set depth and width of skin incisions) in 50% of subjects. This measurement is done at steady state (assuming a constant alveolar concentration for 15 minutes), under the assumption that this allows for an equilibration between the gasses in the alveoli, the blood and the brain. MAC is accepted as a valid measure of potency of inhalational general anaesthetics because it remains fairly constant for a given species even under varying conditions.
Meyer-Overton hypothesis[edit]
The MAC of a volatile substance is inversely proportional to its lipid solubility (oil:gas coefficient), in most cases. This is the Meyer-Overton hypothesis put forward in 1899–1901 by Hans Horst Meyer and Charles Ernest Overton. MAC is inversely related to potency, i.e. high MAC equals low potency.
The hypothesis correlates lipid solubility of an anaesthetic agent with potency (1/MAC) and suggests that onset of anaesthesia occurs when sufficient molecules of the anaesthetic agent have dissolved in the cell's lipid membranes, resulting in anaesthesia. Exceptions to the Meyer-Overton hypothesis can result from:
- convulsant property of an agent
- specific receptor (various agents may exhibit an additional effect through specific receptors)
- co-administration of Alpha2 agonists (dexmedetomidine) and/or opioid receptor agonists (morphine/fentanyl) can decrease the MAC[6][7]
- Mullin's critical volume hypothesis
- Positive modulation of GABA at GABAA receptors by barbiturates or benzodiazepines
Factors affecting MAC[edit]
Certain physiological and pathological states may alter MAC. For example, MAC increases with hyperthermia and hypernatremia. Conversely, anemia, hypercarbia, hypoxia, hypothermia, hypotension (MAP < 40 mmHg), and pregnancy seem to decrease MAC. Duration of anesthesia, gender, height and weight seem to have little effect on MAC.
Age has been shown to affect MAC. MAC begins to rise at one month of age with a peak at approximately 6 months of age. There is a subsequent steady decline in MAC with increasing age, with the exception of another peak during puberty.[4] There is a linear model that describes the change in MAC of approximately 6% per decade of age.
Medications, illicit drugs, and prior substance use history have also been found to affect MAC. For example, acute use of amphetamines, cocaine, ephedrine, and chronic use of alcohol increase MAC. Whereas, administration of propofol, etomidate, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, ketamine, opiates, local anesthetics, lithium, verapamil, and alpha 2-agonists (dexmedetomidine, clonidine) decrease MAC. Acute alcohol intoxication and chronic amphetamine use have also been found to decrease MAC.
MAC values are additive. For instance, when applying 0.3 MAC of drug X and 1 MAC of drug Y the total MAC achieved is 1.3 MAC. In this way nitrous oxide is often used as a 'carrier' gas to decrease the anesthetic requirement of other drugs.
Common MAC values[edit]
Values are known to decrease with age and the following are given based on a 40-year-old (MAC40):[8]
Download music on mac. You can also add a URL of the file or click “Choose File” to select the file you would like to convert.Step 2: Choose “MP3” as the output format.Step 3: Enter the email address to receive the converted file.Step 4: Click “Convert” to begin the conversion process and wait for it to finish. To use it, follow these simple steps;Step 1: Drag and drop the file you would like to convert into the tool’s main window. It is therefore one of the many online tools that you can use to convert MP4 to MP3.
- Nitrous oxide - 104 [8]
- Xenon - 72 [8]
- Desflurane - 6.6 [8]
- Ethyl Ether - 3.2
- Sevoflurane - 1.8 [8]
- Enflurane - 1.63 [8]
- Isoflurane - 1.17 [8]
- Halothane - 0.75 [8]
- Chloroform - 0.5
- Methoxyflurane - 0.16
References[edit]
- ^'Policy: Ban on Use of Ether'. Laboratory Animal Science Center. Archived from the original on 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
- ^Eger EI, Saidman LJ, Brandstater B (1965). 'Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration: a standard of anesthetic potency'. Anesthesiology. 26 (6): 756–63. doi:10.1097/00000542-196511000-00010. PMID5844267.
- ^Merkel, Giles; Eger, Edmond I. (1963-05-01). 'A Comparative Study of Halothane and Halopropane AnesthesiaIncluding Method for Determining Equipotency'. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 24 (3): 346–357. doi:10.1097/00000542-196305000-00016. ISSN0003-3022. PMID13935000.
- ^ abEger, Edmond I.; Saidman, Lawrence J.; Brandstater, Bernard (1965-11-01). 'Minimum Alveolar Anesthetic ConcentrationA Standard of Anesthetic Potency'. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 26 (6): 756–763. doi:10.1097/00000542-196511000-00010. ISSN0003-3022. PMID5844267.
- ^Miller ANESTHESIOLOGY
- ^* Daniel M, Weiskopf RB, Noorani M, Eger EI (January 1998). 'Fentanyl augments the blockade of the sympathetic response to incision (MAC-BAR) produced by desflurane and isoflurane: desflurane and isoflurane MAC-BAR without and with fentanyl'. Anesthesiology. 88 (1): 43–9. doi:10.1097/00000542-199801000-00009. PMID9447854.
- ^Katoh T, Kobayashi S, Suzuki A, Iwamoto T, Bito H, Ikeda K (February 1999). 'The effect of fentanyl on sevoflurane requirements for somatic and sympathetic responses to surgical incision'. Anesthesiology. 90 (2): 398–405. doi:10.1097/00000542-199902000-00012. PMID9952144.
- ^ abcdefgh* Nickalls, R. W. D., & Mapleson, W. W. (August 2003). 'Age-related iso-MAC charts for isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane in man'. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 91 (2): 170–4. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg132. PMID12878613.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimum_alveolar_concentration&oldid=985541945'
Measuring: Smart Measure on PC: Measuring: Smart Measure is a Free App, developed by the Smart Tools co. for Android devices, but it can be used on PC or Laptops as well. We will look into the process of How to Download and install Measuring: Smart Measure on PC running Windows 7, 8, 10 or Mac OS X.
Are you visiting a new apartment and wondering if your old furniture could fit here? Unfortunately, you forgot the yardstick? With the Android app “Entf.meser: Smart Measure” you do not need it anymore: your smartphone will be converted into one without further ado. A mobile range and altimeter. To find out about the distance and height of an object, the free app is well suited. But since nobody can keep his hands absolutely still, accurate measurements are impossible. Only a fixed tripod for the smartphone helps here. In the height measurement of a building, where it does not matter to a few inches, the Android app is unbeatable. Exact measurements are coincidental with the measuring tool. In this respect, it convinces in the test only conditionally. The aids such as water balance and compass upgrade the free app. With the Pro version from the Google Play Store you get for 80 cents in addition a quick release, upright format, camera zoom and a virtual horizon. You can also measure width and area. If you do not want to rely on the mini compass in the app, take a look at the handy tool “Compass – Smart Compass Pro” for 80 cents. Here you will receive a compass with camera function and a metal detector. The waterwagon integrated into the measurement app helps you to measure accurately. Only when the Wasserwage is in the Lot, keep your Smartphone straight. You should not press a trigger before, otherwise the result will be too inaccurate. A small compass shows you in which direction you are measuring. It also tells you whether your balcony really looks south of the new apartment, so you can enjoy the sun in summer. Can not get along? Then just read the help and work it out in order. If your device measures incorrectly, you can calibrate it. Automatic and manual calibration are available. Since you hold the smartphone or tablet during the measurement, you need an absolutely steady hand. As soon as you shake or wobble, the measurements become inaccurate. In the test so arise differences up to 20 centimeters. With a tripod for your smartphone you could avoid inaccuracies. Version update: Version 1.4.6, more models calibrated (SGS3, Galaxy Note)
Also Read: PingPongRoot on PC (Windows & Mac).
Are you visiting a new apartment and wondering if your old furniture could fit here? Unfortunately, you forgot the yardstick? With the Android app “Entf.meser: Smart Measure” you do not need it anymore: your smartphone will be converted into one without further ado. A mobile range and altimeter. To find out about the distance and height of an object, the free app is well suited. But since nobody can keep his hands absolutely still, accurate measurements are impossible. Only a fixed tripod for the smartphone helps here. In the height measurement of a building, where it does not matter to a few inches, the Android app is unbeatable. Exact measurements are coincidental with the measuring tool. In this respect, it convinces in the test only conditionally. The aids such as water balance and compass upgrade the free app. With the Pro version from the Google Play Store you get for 80 cents in addition a quick release, upright format, camera zoom and a virtual horizon. You can also measure width and area. If you do not want to rely on the mini compass in the app, take a look at the handy tool “Compass – Smart Compass Pro” for 80 cents. Here you will receive a compass with camera function and a metal detector. The waterwagon integrated into the measurement app helps you to measure accurately. Only when the Wasserwage is in the Lot, keep your Smartphone straight. You should not press a trigger before, otherwise the result will be too inaccurate. A small compass shows you in which direction you are measuring. It also tells you whether your balcony really looks south of the new apartment, so you can enjoy the sun in summer. Can not get along? Then just read the help and work it out in order. If your device measures incorrectly, you can calibrate it. Automatic and manual calibration are available. Since you hold the smartphone or tablet during the measurement, you need an absolutely steady hand. As soon as you shake or wobble, the measurements become inaccurate. In the test so arise differences up to 20 centimeters. With a tripod for your smartphone you could avoid inaccuracies. Version update: Version 1.4.6, more models calibrated (SGS3, Galaxy Note)
Also Read: PingPongRoot on PC (Windows & Mac).
Download Links For Measuring: Smart Measure
How to Download: BlueStacks For PC
Download and Install Measuring: Smart Measure on PC
Mac os sierra wallpaper for iphone. Download Emulator of your Choice and Install it by following Instructions given:
- As you have Downloaded and Installed Bluestacks Emulator, from Link which is provided above.
- Now, After the installation, configure it and add your Google account.
- Once everything is done, just open the Market(Play Store) and Search for the Measuring: Smart Measure.
- Tap the first result and tap install.
- Once the installation is over, Tap the App icon in Menu to start playing.
- That’s all Enjoy!
Measure Arm Circumference
That’s it! For Measuring: Smart Measure on PC Stay tuned on Download Apps For PCfor more updates & if you face any issues please report it to us in the comments below.